Category: network

Crowd Control: Social Machines and Social Media

Published August 31, 2010 by cgerrish

The philosopher’s stone of the Network’s age of social media is crowd control. The algorithmic businesses popping up on the sides of the information superhighway require a reliable input if their algorithms are to reliably output saleable goods. And it’s crowdsourcing that has been given the task of providing the dependable processed input. We assign a piece of the process to no one in particular and everyone in general via software on the Network. The idea is that everyone in general will do the job quicker, better and faster than someone in particular. And the management cost of organizing everyone in general is close to zero, which makes the economics of this rig particularly tantalizing.

In thinking about this dependable crowd, I began to wonder if the crowd was always the same crowd. Does the crowd know it’s a crowd? Do each of the individuals in the crowd know that when they act in a certain context, they contribute a dependable input to an algorithm that will produce a dependable output? Does the crowd begin to experience a feedback loop? Does the crowd take the algorithm’s dependable output as an input to its own behavior? And once the crowd has its own feedback loop, does the power center move from the algorithm to the crowd? Or perhaps when this occurs there are two centers of power that must negotiate a way forward.

We speak of social media, but rarely of social machines. On the Network, the machine is virtualized and hidden in the cloud. For a machine to operate at full efficiency, each of its cogs must do its part reliably and be able to repeat its performance exactly each time it is called upon. Generally some form of operant conditioning (game mechanics) will need to be employed as a form of crowd control. Through a combination of choice architecture and tightly-defined metadata (link, click, like, share, retweet, comment, rate, follow, check-in), the behavior of individuals interacting within networked media channels can be scrapped for input into the machine. This kind of metadata is often confused with the idea of making human behavior intelligible to machines (machine readable). In reality, it is a replacement of human behavior with machine behavior— the algorithm requires an unambiguous signal (obsessive compulsive behavior).

The constraints of a media are vastly different than those of a machine. Social media doesn’t require a pre-defined set of actions. Twitter, like email or the telephone, doesn’t demand that you use it in a particular way. As a media, its only requirement is that it carry messages between endpoints— and a message can be anything the medium can hold. Its success as a media doesn’t rely on how it is used, but that it is used.

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Social Surfaces: Transparency, Camouflage, Strangeness

Published August 7, 2010 by cgerrish

There’s a thought running round that says that social media is engendering a new age of transparency. When we use the word ‘transparency’ we speak of a material through which light passes with clarity. If conditions aren’t completely clear, we might call the material translucent, which would allow light to pass through it diffusely. And if we can’t see anything at all, we’ll call it opaque, a material with a surface that doesn’t allow even a speck of light through it.

If it is we who are ‘transparent,’ it’s as though our skin has turned to glass and the social, psychological and biological systems operating within us are available for public inspection. It’s thought that by virtue of their pure visibility these systems can be understood, influenced and predicted. Although for most of us, when we lift the hood of our car and inspect the engine it’s strictly a matter of form. We know whether the engine is running or not, but that’s about the limit for a non-specialist.

Much like “open” and “closed,” the word transparency is associated with the forces of good, while opacity is delegated to play for the evil team. We should like to know that a thing is transparent, that we could have a look at it if we chose to, even if we don’t understand it at the moment. Certainly there must an e-book somewhere that we could page through for an hour or so to get a handle on the fundamentals. On the other hand, if a thing is opaque, we’re left with a mystery without the possibility of a solution. After all, we don’t have x-ray vision. How else can we possibly get beneath the surface to find out what’s going on?

Ralph Ellison wrote about social invisibility in his book The Invisible Man. The narrator of the story is invisible because everyone sees him as a stereotype rather than as a real person. In a stereotype, a surface image is substituted for the whole entity. Although Ellison’s narrator acknowledges that sometimes invisibility has its advantages. Surface and depth each have their time and place.

Jeff Jonas, in a recent post called “Transparency as a Mask,” talks about the chilling effect of transparency. If we exist in a social media environment of pure visibility, a sort of panopticon of the Network, how will this change the incentives around our behavior? Jonas wonders whether we might see a mass migration toward the average, toward the center of the standard deviation chart, the normal part of the normal distribution. Here’s Jonas on the current realities of data correlation.

Unlike two decades ago, humans are now creating huge volumes of extraordinarily useful data as they self-annotate their relationships and yours, their photographs and yours, their thoughts and their thoughts about you … and more.

With more data, comes better understanding and prediction. The convergence of data might reveal your “discreet�? rendezvous or the fact you are no longer on speaking terms your best friend. No longer secret is your visit to the porn store and the subsequent change in your home’s late night energy profile, another telling story about who you are … again out of the bag, and little you can do about it. Pity … you thought that all of this information was secret.

Initially the Network provided a kind of equal footing for those four or five standard deviations off center, in a sense this is the basis of the long tail. The margins and the center all play in the same frictionless hypermedia environment. When these deviations become visible and are correlated with other private and public data, the compilation of these surface views create an actionable picture with multiple dimensions. Suddenly there’s a valuable information asymmetry produced with an affordable amount of compute time.

Only the mediocre are always at their best.
–Jean Giraudoux

However, once we know someone is scanning and correlating the facets of our presence on the Network, what’s to stop us from signaling normal, creating a mask of transparency?

The secret of success is sincerity. Once you can fake that you’ve got it made.

–Jean Giraudoux

We may evolve, adapt to the new environment. The chameleon and many other creatures change their appearance to avoid detection. We may also become shape shifters, changing the colors of our digital skin to sculpt an impression for key databases.

In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an organism to avoid observation or detection by other organisms. A form of antipredator adaptation, methods range from camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle, transparency, or mimicry

Of course, there’s a chance we won’t be fooling anyone. A false signal here or there will be filtered out and the picture will be assembled despite our best efforts at camouflage.

There’s another path through these woods. Historically, a much less travelled path. That’s the path of tolerance, of embracing and celebrating difference, and acknowledging our own strangeness. While it’s possible that a human can empathize with the strangeness of another human, the question we have to ask in this new era of digital transparency is: how can an algorithm be made to process strangeness without automatically equating it with error?

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Stories Without Words: Silence. Pause. More Silence. A Change In Posture.

Published July 25, 2010 by cgerrish

A film is described as cinematic when the story is told primarily through the visuals. The dialogue only fills in where it needs to, where the visuals can’t convey the message. It was watching Jean-Pierre Melville’s Le Samourai that brought these thoughts into the foreground. Much of the film unfolds in silence. All of the important narrative information is disclosed outside of the dialogue.

While there’s some controversy about what percentage of human-to-human communication is non-verbal, there is general agreement that it’s more than half. The numbers are as low as 60% and as high as 93%. What happens to our non-verbal communication when a human-to-human communication is routed through a medium? A written communique, a telephone call, the internet: each of these media have a different capacity to carry the non-verbal from one end to the other.

The study of human-computer interaction examines the relationship between humans and systems. More and more, our human-computer interaction is an example of computer-mediated communications between humans; or human-computer network-human interaction. When we design human-computer interactions we try to specify everything to the nth degree. We want the interaction to be clear and simple. The user should understand what’s happening and what’s not happening. The interaction is a contract purged of ambiguity and overtones. A change in the contract is generally disconcerting to users because it introduces ambiguity into the interaction. It’s not the same anymore; it’s different now.

In human-computer network-human interactions, it’s not the clarity that matters, it’s the fullness. If we chart the direction of network technologies, we can see a rapid movement toward capturing and transmitting the non-verbal. Real-time provides the context to transmit tone of voice, facial expression, hand gestures and body language. Even the most common forms of text on the Network are forms of speech— the letters describe sounds rather than words.

While the non-verbal can be as easily misinterpreted as the verbal, the more pieces of the picture that are transmitted, the more likely the communication will be understood. But not in the narrow sense of a contract, or machine understanding. But rather in the full sense of human understanding. While some think the deeper levels of human thought can only be accessed through long strings of text assembled into the form of a codex, humans will always gravitate toward communications media that broadcast on all channels.

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Numbers Stations: Without A Trace…

Published July 20, 2010 by cgerrish

Within the bounds of our brief transit on this earth, we attempt to make our mark. Leaving a permanent trace of one’s life, in some quarters, is a large part of the purpose of our lives. In our digital lives, we leave traces wherever we go. We generate clouds of data as we surf along the surfaces of the Network. In the name of data portability, we claim the data we generate and assert personal ownership over it. We even leave instructions for how the data should be handled in the event of our death. What were footprints in the sand are now captured in digital amber.

While our most everyday communications have migrated to the Network, some of our most secret communications take a different path. It’s believed that governments have been sending secret messages using Numbers Stations since World War I. Here’s Wikipedia’s definition:

Numbers stations (or number stations) are shortwave radio stations of uncertain origin. They generally broadcast artificially generated voices reading streams of numbers, words, letters (sometimes using a spelling alphabet), tunes or Morse code. They are in a wide variety of languages and the voices are usually female, though sometimes male or children’s voices are used.

In an interview with NPR, Mark Stout, the official historian of the International Spy Museum, explains why Numbers Stations are still in use:

“Because [a message] can be broadcast over such an enormous area, you can be transmitting to an agent who may be thousands of miles away,” he says. And, he adds, computer communications almost always leave traces.

“It’s really hard to erase data out of your hard drive or off a memory stick,” he says. “But all you need here is a shortwave radio and pencil and paper.”

By using what’s called a one-time pad, these messages can’t be cracked. Again, here’s Mark Stout:

…because the transmissions use an unbreakable encryption system called a one-time pad: encryption key is completely random and changes with every message.

“You really truly cryptanalytically have no traction getting into a one-time pad system,�? Stout says. “None at all.”

The use of short wave radio combines the capacity to send messages over great distances with the ability to obscure the origin of the broadcast. By taking down the message using a pencil and paper, the coded message stays off the information grid of the digital Network. Tools that pre-date the digital Network route around the media that makes permanent copies as a part of the process of transmission. While these messages are out there for anyone to listen to, and even record, the endpoints of the communication and the content of the messages remain opaque.

Historically, we’ve always had a medium that would allow us to communicate without leaving a trace. Now a whisper in the ear becomes an SMS message for your eyes only. While there’s much to be gained from our new modes of permanent public social messaging, I wonder if there’s a case to be made for the message without a paper trail, without a digital imprint, without any trace at all. Can we ever embrace the impermanence of a moment that can only be imperfectly replayed in human memory? The Numbers Station is reminder of another mode of speaking in a temporary medium.

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